Cloudflare Worker+Vless

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这个话题笔者就不展开说了，就是搭一个稳定可靠的梯子，但是不需要买VPS，除了需要一个域名以外，基本上属于零成本了，懂得都懂。

1️⃣ 前提条件

只有2个非常简单的条件，没什么难度。

有一个Cloudflare账号，免费计划就行
有一个域名，并且将DNS解析转到Cloudflare中

2️⃣ 搭建步骤

搭建这个服务是使用了Cloudflare的Worker和Pages服务每天可以有10万个免费请求次数这个福利，对于个人使用来说完全不用担心。所以为了你个人安全和不超次数，请不要分享给别人使用！请不要分享给别人使用！请不要分享给别人使用！

开始前请先完成上述前提条件，笔者就不赘述了，完全没难度。

1、打开Workers和Pages

登录Cloudflare之后，直接点击菜单Workers和Pages，进入到概述页面

2、创建Worker

点击创建应用程序按钮，进入创建页面，切换到Workers页签，接着点击页面中的创建Worker按钮，进入创建页面。

在创建页面中填写名称，比如就叫vless-worker，代码先保持默认不用管，然后点击部署按钮，完成创建。

3、编写Worker

重点来了。

首先回到概述页面，可以看到我们已经创建好的 Worker，直接点击名称进入 Worker 的主页。

接着点击右上角的快速编辑按钮，进入编辑页面，将Vless代码粘贴到编辑框中，然后点击右上角的保存并部署按钮，完成！代码比较长，放到文末了。

⚠️注意：代码中的第7行userID，其实就是UUID，默认的值已经被广泛使用了，请一定要修改一下，如果你不知道如何生成UUID，可以到这个网站生成一个：https://it.huluohu.com/uuid-generator。

4、配置自定义域名

以上其实就已经完成了Vless的搭建，但是由于 Cloudflare 自带的Worker域名在国内属于不受欢迎的（你懂的），所以你的域名现在开始出场了，我们需要给这个 Worker 设置一个自定义域名。

首先还是回到到上面创建的 Worker 详情页面，点击触发器页签。继续点击添加自定义域按钮，开始添加一个自定义域名。

输入你的域名，例如tiz.yourdomain.com，并点击添加自定义域按钮，完成添加。请注意，输入的域名一定是已经将 DNS 解析添加到 Cloudflare 中的才可以。

至此，Cloudflare中的Worker都已经完成部署和设置了，下面就是如何使用这个Vless服务了。

3️⃣ 配置客户端

支持Vless协议的客户端很多，不同平台也都不大一样，这里笔者就不做任何推荐了，毕竟这玩意也是不受欢迎的。保险起见，笔者截了个图，请参考填写。

填写说明：

选择协议：选vless
address：填前面设置的自定义域名
端口：支持6个https端口可任意选择(443、8443、2053、2083、2087、2096)
id：就是代码中的 userID，千万不要泄露给其他人
选择网络：选ws
host：留空即可
path：填/?ed=2048
security：选tls
tls servername：同样填前面设置的自定义域名

4️⃣ Vless代码

下面就是Vless代码，请直接复制即可，代码很长，可不要复制漏了。

// <!--GAMFC-->version base on commit 43fad05dcdae3b723c53c226f8181fc5bd47223e, time is 2023-06-22 15:20:02 UTC<!--GAMFC-END-->.
// @ts-ignore
import { connect } from 'cloudflare:sockets';

// How to generate your own UUID:
// [Windows] Press "Win + R", input cmd and run:  Powershell -NoExit -Command "[guid]::NewGuid()"
let userID = '77a571fb-4fd2-4b37-8596-1b7d9728bb5c';

const proxyIPs = ["[2a00:1098:2b::1:ac40:6c0a]"];//['cdn.xn--b6gac.eu.org', 'cdn-all.xn--b6gac.eu.org', 'edgetunnel.anycast.eu.org'];

let proxyIP = proxyIPs[Math.floor(Math.random() * proxyIPs.length)];

let dohURL = 'https://sky.rethinkdns.com/1:-Pf_____9_8A_AMAIgE8kMABVDDmKOHTAKg='; // https://cloudflare-dns.com/dns-query or https://dns.google/dns-query

// v2board api environment variables (optional) deprecated, please use planetscale.com instead

if (!isValidUUID(userID)) {
	throw new Error('uuid is invalid');
}

export default {
	/**
	 * @param {import("@cloudflare/workers-types").Request} request
	 * @param {{UUID: string, PROXYIP: string, DNS_RESOLVER_URL: string, NODE_ID: int, API_HOST: string, API_TOKEN: string}} env
	 * @param {import("@cloudflare/workers-types").ExecutionContext} ctx
	 * @returns {Promise<Response>}
	 */
	async fetch(request, env, ctx) {
		// uuid_validator(request);
		try {
			userID = env.UUID || userID;
			proxyIP = env.PROXYIP || proxyIP;
			dohURL = env.DNS_RESOLVER_URL || dohURL;
			let userID_Path = userID;
			if (userID.includes(',')) {
				userID_Path = userID.split(',')[0];
			}
			const upgradeHeader = request.headers.get('Upgrade');
			if (!upgradeHeader || upgradeHeader !== 'websocket') {
				const url = new URL(request.url);
				switch (url.pathname) {
					case `/cf`: {
						return new Response(JSON.stringify(request.cf, null, 4), {
							status: 200,
							headers: {
								"Content-Type": "application/json;charset=utf-8",
							},
						});
					}
					case `/${userID_Path}`: {
						const vlessConfig = getVLESSConfig(userID, request.headers.get('Host'));
						return new Response(`${vlessConfig}`, {
							status: 200,
							headers: {
								"Content-Type": "text/html; charset=utf-8",
							}
						});
					};
					case `/sub/${userID_Path}`: {
						const url = new URL(request.url);
						const searchParams = url.searchParams;
						const vlessSubConfig = createVLESSSub(userID, request.headers.get('Host'));
						// Construct and return response object
						return new Response(btoa(vlessSubConfig), {
							status: 200,
							headers: {
								"Content-Type": "text/plain;charset=utf-8",
							}
						});
					};
					default:
						// return new Response('Not found', { status: 404 });
						// For any other path, reverse proxy to 'ramdom website' and return the original response, caching it in the process
						const randomHostname = cn_hostnames[Math.floor(Math.random() * cn_hostnames.length)];
						const newHeaders = new Headers(request.headers);
						newHeaders.set('cf-connecting-ip', '1.2.3.4');
						newHeaders.set('x-forwarded-for', '1.2.3.4');
						newHeaders.set('x-real-ip', '1.2.3.4');
						newHeaders.set('referer', 'https://www.google.com/search?q=edtunnel');
						// Use fetch to proxy the request to 15 different domains
						const proxyUrl = 'https://' + randomHostname + url.pathname + url.search;
						let modifiedRequest = new Request(proxyUrl, {
							method: request.method,
							headers: newHeaders,
							body: request.body,
							redirect: 'manual',
						});
						const proxyResponse = await fetch(modifiedRequest, { redirect: 'manual' });
						// Check for 302 or 301 redirect status and return an error response
						if ([301, 302].includes(proxyResponse.status)) {
							return new Response(`Redirects to ${randomHostname} are not allowed.`, {
								status: 403,
								statusText: 'Forbidden',
							});
						}
						// Return the response from the proxy server
						return proxyResponse;
				}
			} else {
				return await vlessOverWSHandler(request);
			}
		} catch (err) {
			/** @type {Error} */ let e = err;
			return new Response(e.toString());
		}
	},
};

export async function uuid_validator(request) {
	const hostname = request.headers.get('Host');
	const currentDate = new Date();

	const subdomain = hostname.split('.')[0];
	const year = currentDate.getFullYear();
	const month = String(currentDate.getMonth() + 1).padStart(2, '0');
	const day = String(currentDate.getDate()).padStart(2, '0');

	const formattedDate = `${year}-${month}-${day}`;

	// const daliy_sub = formattedDate + subdomain
	const hashHex = await hashHex_f(subdomain);
	// subdomain string contains timestamps utc and uuid string TODO.
	console.log(hashHex, subdomain, formattedDate);
}

export async function hashHex_f(string) {
	const encoder = new TextEncoder();
	const data = encoder.encode(string);
	const hashBuffer = await crypto.subtle.digest('SHA-256', data);
	const hashArray = Array.from(new Uint8Array(hashBuffer));
	const hashHex = hashArray.map(byte => byte.toString(16).padStart(2, '0')).join('');
	return hashHex;
}

/**
 * Handles VLESS over WebSocket requests by creating a WebSocket pair, accepting the WebSocket connection, and processing the VLESS header.
 * @param {import("@cloudflare/workers-types").Request} request The incoming request object.
 * @returns {Promise<Response>} A Promise that resolves to a WebSocket response object.
 */
async function vlessOverWSHandler(request) {
	const webSocketPair = new WebSocketPair();
	const [client, webSocket] = Object.values(webSocketPair);
	webSocket.accept();

	let address = '';
	let portWithRandomLog = '';
	let currentDate = new Date();
	const log = (/** @type {string} */ info, /** @type {string | undefined} */ event) => {
		console.log(`[${currentDate} ${address}:${portWithRandomLog}] ${info}`, event || '');
	};
	const earlyDataHeader = request.headers.get('sec-websocket-protocol') || '';

	const readableWebSocketStream = makeReadableWebSocketStream(webSocket, earlyDataHeader, log);

	/** @type {{ value: import("@cloudflare/workers-types").Socket | null}}*/
	let remoteSocketWapper = {
		value: null,
	};
	let udpStreamWrite = null;
	let isDns = false;

	// ws --> remote
	readableWebSocketStream.pipeTo(new WritableStream({
		async write(chunk, controller) {
			if (isDns && udpStreamWrite) {
				return udpStreamWrite(chunk);
			}
			if (remoteSocketWapper.value) {
				const writer = remoteSocketWapper.value.writable.getWriter()
				await writer.write(chunk);
				writer.releaseLock();
				return;
			}

			const {
				hasError,
				message,
				portRemote = 443,
				addressRemote = '',
				rawDataIndex,
				vlessVersion = new Uint8Array([0, 0]),
				isUDP,
			} = processVlessHeader(chunk, userID);
			address = addressRemote;
			portWithRandomLog = `${portRemote} ${isUDP ? 'udp' : 'tcp'} `;
			if (hasError) {
				// controller.error(message);
				throw new Error(message); // cf seems has bug, controller.error will not end stream
				// webSocket.close(1000, message);
				return;
			}

			// If UDP and not DNS port, close it
			if (isUDP && portRemote !== 53) {
				throw new Error('UDP proxy only enabled for DNS which is port 53');
				// cf seems has bug, controller.error will not end stream
			}

			if (isUDP && portRemote === 53) {
				isDns = true;
			}

			// ["version", "附加信息长度 N"]
			const vlessResponseHeader = new Uint8Array([vlessVersion[0], 0]);
			const rawClientData = chunk.slice(rawDataIndex);

			// TODO: support udp here when cf runtime has udp support
			if (isDns) {
				const { write } = await handleUDPOutBound(webSocket, vlessResponseHeader, log);
				udpStreamWrite = write;
				udpStreamWrite(rawClientData);
				return;
			}
			handleTCPOutBound(remoteSocketWapper, addressRemote, portRemote, rawClientData, webSocket, vlessResponseHeader, log);
		},
		close() {
			log(`readableWebSocketStream is close`);
		},
		abort(reason) {
			log(`readableWebSocketStream is abort`, JSON.stringify(reason));
		},
	})).catch((err) => {
		log('readableWebSocketStream pipeTo error', err);
	});

	return new Response(null, {
		status: 101,
		webSocket: client,
	});
}

/**
 * Handles outbound TCP connections.
 *
 * @param {any} remoteSocket 
 * @param {string} addressRemote The remote address to connect to.
 * @param {number} portRemote The remote port to connect to.
 * @param {Uint8Array} rawClientData The raw client data to write.
 * @param {import("@cloudflare/workers-types").WebSocket} webSocket The WebSocket to pass the remote socket to.
 * @param {Uint8Array} vlessResponseHeader The VLESS response header.
 * @param {function} log The logging function.
 * @returns {Promise<void>} The remote socket.
 */
async function handleTCPOutBound(remoteSocket, addressRemote, portRemote, rawClientData, webSocket, vlessResponseHeader, log,) {

	/**
	 * Connects to a given address and port and writes data to the socket.
	 * @param {string} address The address to connect to.
	 * @param {number} port The port to connect to.
	 * @returns {Promise<import("@cloudflare/workers-types").Socket>} A Promise that resolves to the connected socket.
	 */
	async function connectAndWrite(address, port) {
		/** @type {import("@cloudflare/workers-types").Socket} */
		const tcpSocket = connect({
			hostname: address,
			port: port,
		});
		remoteSocket.value = tcpSocket;
		log(`connected to ${address}:${port}`);
		const writer = tcpSocket.writable.getWriter();
		await writer.write(rawClientData); // first write, nomal is tls client hello
		writer.releaseLock();
		return tcpSocket;
	}

	/**
	 * Retries connecting to the remote address and port if the Cloudflare socket has no incoming data.
	 * @returns {Promise<void>} A Promise that resolves when the retry is complete.
	 */
	async function retry() {
		const tcpSocket = await connectAndWrite(proxyIP || addressRemote, portRemote)
		tcpSocket.closed.catch(error => {
			console.log('retry tcpSocket closed error', error);
		}).finally(() => {
			safeCloseWebSocket(webSocket);
		})
		remoteSocketToWS(tcpSocket, webSocket, vlessResponseHeader, null, log);
	}

	const tcpSocket = await connectAndWrite(addressRemote, portRemote);

	// when remoteSocket is ready, pass to websocket
	// remote--> ws
	remoteSocketToWS(tcpSocket, webSocket, vlessResponseHeader, retry, log);
}

/**
 * Creates a readable stream from a WebSocket server, allowing for data to be read from the WebSocket.
 * @param {import("@cloudflare/workers-types").WebSocket} webSocketServer The WebSocket server to create the readable stream from.
 * @param {string} earlyDataHeader The header containing early data for WebSocket 0-RTT.
 * @param {(info: string)=> void} log The logging function.
 * @returns {ReadableStream} A readable stream that can be used to read data from the WebSocket.
 */
function makeReadableWebSocketStream(webSocketServer, earlyDataHeader, log) {
	let readableStreamCancel = false;
	const stream = new ReadableStream({
		start(controller) {
			webSocketServer.addEventListener('message', (event) => {
				const message = event.data;
				controller.enqueue(message);
			});

			webSocketServer.addEventListener('close', () => {
				safeCloseWebSocket(webSocketServer);
				controller.close();
			});

			webSocketServer.addEventListener('error', (err) => {
				log('webSocketServer has error');
				controller.error(err);
			});
			const { earlyData, error } = base64ToArrayBuffer(earlyDataHeader);
			if (error) {
				controller.error(error);
			} else if (earlyData) {
				controller.enqueue(earlyData);
			}
		},

		pull(controller) {
			// if ws can stop read if stream is full, we can implement backpressure
			// https://streams.spec.whatwg.org/#example-rs-push-backpressure
		},

		cancel(reason) {
			log(`ReadableStream was canceled, due to ${reason}`)
			readableStreamCancel = true;
			safeCloseWebSocket(webSocketServer);
		}
	});

	return stream;
}

// https://xtls.github.io/development/protocols/vless.html
// https://github.com/zizifn/excalidraw-backup/blob/main/v2ray-protocol.excalidraw

/**
 * Processes the VLESS header buffer and returns an object with the relevant information.
 * @param {ArrayBuffer} vlessBuffer The VLESS header buffer to process.
 * @param {string} userID The user ID to validate against the UUID in the VLESS header.
 * @returns {{
 *  hasError: boolean,
 *  message?: string,
 *  addressRemote?: string,
 *  addressType?: number,
 *  portRemote?: number,
 *  rawDataIndex?: number,
 *  vlessVersion?: Uint8Array,
 *  isUDP?: boolean
 * }} An object with the relevant information extracted from the VLESS header buffer.
 */
function processVlessHeader(vlessBuffer, userID) {
	if (vlessBuffer.byteLength < 24) {
		return {
			hasError: true,
			message: 'invalid data',
		};
	}

	const version = new Uint8Array(vlessBuffer.slice(0, 1));
	let isValidUser = false;
	let isUDP = false;
	const slicedBuffer = new Uint8Array(vlessBuffer.slice(1, 17));
	const slicedBufferString = stringify(slicedBuffer);
	// check if userID is valid uuid or uuids split by , and contains userID in it otherwise return error message to console
	const uuids = userID.includes(',') ? userID.split(",") : [userID];
	// uuid_validator(hostName, slicedBufferString);


	// isValidUser = uuids.some(userUuid => slicedBufferString === userUuid.trim());
	isValidUser = uuids.some(userUuid => slicedBufferString === userUuid.trim()) || uuids.length === 1 && slicedBufferString === uuids[0].trim();

	console.log(`userID: ${slicedBufferString}`);

	if (!isValidUser) {
		return {
			hasError: true,
			message: 'invalid user',
		};
	}

	const optLength = new Uint8Array(vlessBuffer.slice(17, 18))[0];
	//skip opt for now

	const command = new Uint8Array(
		vlessBuffer.slice(18 + optLength, 18 + optLength + 1)
	)[0];

	// 0x01 TCP
	// 0x02 UDP
	// 0x03 MUX
	if (command === 1) {
		isUDP = false;
	} else if (command === 2) {
		isUDP = true;
	} else {
		return {
			hasError: true,
			message: `command ${command} is not support, command 01-tcp,02-udp,03-mux`,
		};
	}
	const portIndex = 18 + optLength + 1;
	const portBuffer = vlessBuffer.slice(portIndex, portIndex + 2);
	// port is big-Endian in raw data etc 80 == 0x005d
	const portRemote = new DataView(portBuffer).getUint16(0);

	let addressIndex = portIndex + 2;
	const addressBuffer = new Uint8Array(
		vlessBuffer.slice(addressIndex, addressIndex + 1)
	);

	// 1--> ipv4  addressLength =4
	// 2--> domain name addressLength=addressBuffer[1]
	// 3--> ipv6  addressLength =16
	const addressType = addressBuffer[0];
	let addressLength = 0;
	let addressValueIndex = addressIndex + 1;
	let addressValue = '';
	switch (addressType) {
		case 1:
			addressLength = 4;
			addressValue = new Uint8Array(
				vlessBuffer.slice(addressValueIndex, addressValueIndex + addressLength)
			).join('.');
			break;
		case 2:
			addressLength = new Uint8Array(
				vlessBuffer.slice(addressValueIndex, addressValueIndex + 1)
			)[0];
			addressValueIndex += 1;
			addressValue = new TextDecoder().decode(
				vlessBuffer.slice(addressValueIndex, addressValueIndex + addressLength)
			);
			break;
		case 3:
			addressLength = 16;
			const dataView = new DataView(
				vlessBuffer.slice(addressValueIndex, addressValueIndex + addressLength)
			);
			// 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334
			const ipv6 = [];
			for (let i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
				ipv6.push(dataView.getUint16(i * 2).toString(16));
			}
			addressValue = ipv6.join(':');
			// seems no need add [] for ipv6
			break;
		default:
			return {
				hasError: true,
				message: `invild  addressType is ${addressType}`,
			};
	}
	if (!addressValue) {
		return {
			hasError: true,
			message: `addressValue is empty, addressType is ${addressType}`,
		};
	}

	return {
		hasError: false,
		addressRemote: addressValue,
		addressType,
		portRemote,
		rawDataIndex: addressValueIndex + addressLength,
		vlessVersion: version,
		isUDP,
	};
}


/**
 * Converts a remote socket to a WebSocket connection.
 * @param {import("@cloudflare/workers-types").Socket} remoteSocket The remote socket to convert.
 * @param {import("@cloudflare/workers-types").WebSocket} webSocket The WebSocket to connect to.
 * @param {ArrayBuffer | null} vlessResponseHeader The VLESS response header.
 * @param {(() => Promise<void>) | null} retry The function to retry the connection if it fails.
 * @param {(info: string) => void} log The logging function.
 * @returns {Promise<void>} A Promise that resolves when the conversion is complete.
 */
async function remoteSocketToWS(remoteSocket, webSocket, vlessResponseHeader, retry, log) {
	// remote--> ws
	let remoteChunkCount = 0;
	let chunks = [];
	/** @type {ArrayBuffer | null} */
	let vlessHeader = vlessResponseHeader;
	let hasIncomingData = false; // check if remoteSocket has incoming data
	await remoteSocket.readable
		.pipeTo(
			new WritableStream({
				start() {
				},
				/**
				 * 
				 * @param {Uint8Array} chunk 
				 * @param {*} controller 
				 */
				async write(chunk, controller) {
					hasIncomingData = true;
					remoteChunkCount++;
					if (webSocket.readyState !== WS_READY_STATE_OPEN) {
						controller.error(
							'webSocket.readyState is not open, maybe close'
						);
					}
					if (vlessHeader) {
						webSocket.send(await new Blob([vlessHeader, chunk]).arrayBuffer());
						vlessHeader = null;
					} else {
						// console.log(`remoteSocketToWS send chunk ${chunk.byteLength}`);
						// seems no need rate limit this, CF seems fix this??..
						// if (remoteChunkCount > 20000) {
						// 	// cf one package is 4096 byte(4kb),  4096 * 20000 = 80M
						// 	await delay(1);
						// }
						webSocket.send(chunk);
					}
				},
				close() {
					log(`remoteConnection!.readable is close with hasIncomingData is ${hasIncomingData}`);
					// safeCloseWebSocket(webSocket); // no need server close websocket frist for some case will casue HTTP ERR_CONTENT_LENGTH_MISMATCH issue, client will send close event anyway.
				},
				abort(reason) {
					console.error(`remoteConnection!.readable abort`, reason);
				},
			})
		)
		.catch((error) => {
			console.error(
				`remoteSocketToWS has exception `,
				error.stack || error
			);
			safeCloseWebSocket(webSocket);
		});

	// seems is cf connect socket have error,
	// 1. Socket.closed will have error
	// 2. Socket.readable will be close without any data coming
	if (hasIncomingData === false && retry) {
		log(`retry`)
		retry();
	}
}

/**
 * Decodes a base64 string into an ArrayBuffer.
 * @param {string} base64Str The base64 string to decode.
 * @returns {{earlyData: ArrayBuffer|null, error: Error|null}} An object containing the decoded ArrayBuffer or null if there was an error, and any error that occurred during decoding or null if there was no error.
 */
function base64ToArrayBuffer(base64Str) {
	if (!base64Str) {
		return { earlyData: null, error: null };
	}
	try {
		// go use modified Base64 for URL rfc4648 which js atob not support
		base64Str = base64Str.replace(/-/g, '+').replace(/_/g, '/');
		const decode = atob(base64Str);
		const arryBuffer = Uint8Array.from(decode, (c) => c.charCodeAt(0));
		return { earlyData: arryBuffer.buffer, error: null };
	} catch (error) {
		return { earlyData: null, error };
	}
}

/**
 * Checks if a given string is a valid UUID.
 * Note: This is not a real UUID validation.
 * @param {string} uuid The string to validate as a UUID.
 * @returns {boolean} True if the string is a valid UUID, false otherwise.
 */
function isValidUUID(uuid) {
	const uuidRegex = /^[0-9a-f]{8}-[0-9a-f]{4}-[4][0-9a-f]{3}-[89ab][0-9a-f]{3}-[0-9a-f]{12}$/i;
	return uuidRegex.test(uuid);
}

const WS_READY_STATE_OPEN = 1;
const WS_READY_STATE_CLOSING = 2;
/**
 * Closes a WebSocket connection safely without throwing exceptions.
 * @param {import("@cloudflare/workers-types").WebSocket} socket The WebSocket connection to close.
 */
function safeCloseWebSocket(socket) {
	try {
		if (socket.readyState === WS_READY_STATE_OPEN || socket.readyState === WS_READY_STATE_CLOSING) {
			socket.close();
		}
	} catch (error) {
		console.error('safeCloseWebSocket error', error);
	}
}

const byteToHex = [];

for (let i = 0; i < 256; ++i) {
	byteToHex.push((i + 256).toString(16).slice(1));
}

function unsafeStringify(arr, offset = 0) {
	return (byteToHex[arr[offset + 0]] + byteToHex[arr[offset + 1]] + byteToHex[arr[offset + 2]] + byteToHex[arr[offset + 3]] + "-" + byteToHex[arr[offset + 4]] + byteToHex[arr[offset + 5]] + "-" + byteToHex[arr[offset + 6]] + byteToHex[arr[offset + 7]] + "-" + byteToHex[arr[offset + 8]] + byteToHex[arr[offset + 9]] + "-" + byteToHex[arr[offset + 10]] + byteToHex[arr[offset + 11]] + byteToHex[arr[offset + 12]] + byteToHex[arr[offset + 13]] + byteToHex[arr[offset + 14]] + byteToHex[arr[offset + 15]]).toLowerCase();
}

function stringify(arr, offset = 0) {
	const uuid = unsafeStringify(arr, offset);
	if (!isValidUUID(uuid)) {
		throw TypeError("Stringified UUID is invalid");
	}
	return uuid;
}


/**
 * Handles outbound UDP traffic by transforming the data into DNS queries and sending them over a WebSocket connection.
 * @param {import("@cloudflare/workers-types").WebSocket} webSocket The WebSocket connection to send the DNS queries over.
 * @param {ArrayBuffer} vlessResponseHeader The VLESS response header.
 * @param {(string) => void} log The logging function.
 * @returns {{write: (chunk: Uint8Array) => void}} An object with a write method that accepts a Uint8Array chunk to write to the transform stream.
 */
async function handleUDPOutBound(webSocket, vlessResponseHeader, log) {

	let isVlessHeaderSent = false;
	const transformStream = new TransformStream({
		start(controller) {

		},
		transform(chunk, controller) {
			// udp message 2 byte is the the length of udp data
			// TODO: this should have bug, beacsue maybe udp chunk can be in two websocket message
			for (let index = 0; index < chunk.byteLength;) {
				const lengthBuffer = chunk.slice(index, index + 2);
				const udpPakcetLength = new DataView(lengthBuffer).getUint16(0);
				const udpData = new Uint8Array(
					chunk.slice(index + 2, index + 2 + udpPakcetLength)
				);
				index = index + 2 + udpPakcetLength;
				controller.enqueue(udpData);
			}
		},
		flush(controller) {
		}
	});

	// only handle dns udp for now
	transformStream.readable.pipeTo(new WritableStream({
		async write(chunk) {
			const resp = await fetch(dohURL, // dns server url
				{
					method: 'POST',
					headers: {
						'content-type': 'application/dns-message',
					},
					body: chunk,
				})
			const dnsQueryResult = await resp.arrayBuffer();
			const udpSize = dnsQueryResult.byteLength;
			// console.log([...new Uint8Array(dnsQueryResult)].map((x) => x.toString(16)));
			const udpSizeBuffer = new Uint8Array([(udpSize >> 8) & 0xff, udpSize & 0xff]);
			if (webSocket.readyState === WS_READY_STATE_OPEN) {
				log(`doh success and dns message length is ${udpSize}`);
				if (isVlessHeaderSent) {
					webSocket.send(await new Blob([udpSizeBuffer, dnsQueryResult]).arrayBuffer());
				} else {
					webSocket.send(await new Blob([vlessResponseHeader, udpSizeBuffer, dnsQueryResult]).arrayBuffer());
					isVlessHeaderSent = true;
				}
			}
		}
	})).catch((error) => {
		log('dns udp has error' + error)
	});

	const writer = transformStream.writable.getWriter();

	return {
		/**
		 * 
		 * @param {Uint8Array} chunk 
		 */
		write(chunk) {
			writer.write(chunk);
		}
	};
}

/**
 *
 * @param {string} userID - single or comma separated userIDs
 * @param {string | null} hostName
 * @returns {string}
 */
function getVLESSConfig(userID, hostName) {
	const wvlessws = `vless://${userID}@www.visa.com.sg:8880?encryption=none&security=none&type=ws&host=${hostName}&path=%2F%3Fed%3D2048#${hostName}`;
	const pvlesswstls = `vless://${userID}@www.visa.com.sg:8443?encryption=none&security=tls&type=ws&host=${hostName}&sni=${hostName}&fp=random&path=%2F%3Fed%3D2048#${hostName}`;
	
	if (hostName.includes('pages.dev')) {
	  return `
  <p>==========================配置详解==============================</p>
  
  <p>################################################################</p>
  <p>CF-pages-vless+ws+tls节点，分享链接如下：</p>
  
  <p>${pvlesswstls}</p>
  
  <p>---------------------------------------------------------------</p>
  <p>注意：如果 ${hostName} 在本地网络打不开（中国移动用户注意）</p>
  <p>客户端选项的伪装域名(host)必须改为你在CF解析完成的自定义域名</p>
  <p>---------------------------------------------------------------</p>
  <p>客户端必要文明参数如下：</p>
  <p>客户端地址(address)：自定义的域名 或者 优选域名 或者 优选IP（反代IP必须与反代端口对应）</p>
  <p>端口(port)：6个https端口可任意选择(443、8443、2053、2083、2087、2096)</p>
  <p>用户ID(uuid)：${userID}</p>
  <p>传输协议(network)：ws 或者 websocket</p>
  <p>伪装域名(host)：${hostName}</p>
  <p>路径(path)：/?ed=2048</p>
  <p>传输安全(TLS)：开启</p>
  <p>跳过证书验证(allowlnsecure)：false</p>
  <p>################################################################</p>
  `;
  
	} else if (hostName.includes('workers.dev'))  {
	  return `
  <p>==========================配置详解==============================</p>
  
  <p>################################################################</p>
  <p>一、CF-workers-vless+ws节点，分享链接如下：</p>
  
  <p>${wvlessws}</p>
  
  <p>---------------------------------------------------------------</p>
  <p>注意：当前节点无需使用CF解析完成的域名，客户端选项的TLS选项必须关闭</p>
  <p>---------------------------------------------------------------</p>
  <p>客户端必要文明参数如下：</p>
  <p>客户端地址(address)：自定义的域名 或者 优选域名 或者 优选IP（反代IP必须与反代端口对应）</p>
  <p>端口(port)：7个http端口可任意选择(80、8080、8880、2052、2082、2086、2095)</p>
  <p>用户ID(uuid)：${userID}</p>
  <p>传输协议(network)：ws 或者 websocket</p>
  <p>伪装域名(host)：${hostName}</p>
  <p>路径(path)：/?ed=2048</p>
  <p>################################################################</p>
  
  
  <p>################################################################</p>
  
  <p>二、CF-workers-vless+ws+tls节点注意：请在浏览器地址栏输入：你设置的自定义域名/你设置的UUID</p>
  <p>防止小白过多的操作失误，必须设置自定义域名后才能使用Workers方式的TLS模式，否则，建议只使用vless+ws节点即可</p>
  <p>提示：使用pages方式部署，联通、电信用户大概率可以直接使用TLS模式，无需设置自定义域名</p>
  <p>pages方式部署可参考此视频教程：https://youtu.be/McdRoLZeTqg</p>
  
  <p>################################################################
  `;
	} else {
	  return `
  <p>==========================配置详解==============================</p>
  
  <p>=====使用自定义域名查看配置，请确认使用的是workers还是pages=====</p>
  
  <p>################################################################</p>
  <p>一、CF-workers-vless+ws节点，分享链接如下：</p>
  
  <p>${wvlessws}</p>
  
  <p>---------------------------------------------------------------</p>
  <p>注意：当前节点无需使用CF解析完成的域名，客户端选项的TLS选项必须关闭</p>
  <p>---------------------------------------------------------------</p>
  <p>客户端必要文明参数如下：</p>
  <p>客户端地址(address)：自定义的域名 或者 优选域名 或者 优选IP（反代IP必须与反代端口对应）</p>
  <p>端口(port)：7个http端口可任意选择(80、8080、8880、2052、2082、2086、2095)</p>
  <p>用户ID(uuid)：${userID}</p>
  <p>传输协议(network)：ws 或者 websocket</p>
  <p>伪装域名(host)：${hostName}</p>
  <p>路径(path)：/?ed=2048</p>
  <p>################################################################</p>
  
  <p>################################################################</p>
  <p>二、CF-workers-vless+ws+tls 或者 CF-pages-vless+ws+tls节点，分享链接如下：</p>
  
  <p>${pvlesswstls}</p>
  
  <p>---------------------------------------------------------------</p>
  <p>注意：客户端选项的伪装域名(host)必须改为你在CF解析完成的自定义域名</p>
  <p>---------------------------------------------------------------</p>
  <p>客户端必要文明参数如下：</p>
  <p>客户端地址(address)：自定义的域名 或者 优选域名 或者 优选IP（反代IP必须与反代端口对应）</p>
  <p>端口(port)：6个https端口可任意选择(443、8443、2053、2083、2087、2096)</p>
  <p>用户ID(uuid)：${userID}</p>
  <p>传输协议(network)：ws 或者 websocket</p>
  <p>伪装域名(host)：${hostName}</p>
  <p>路径(path)：/?ed=2048</p>
  <p>传输安全(TLS)：开启</p>
  <p>跳过证书验证(allowlnsecure)：false</p>
  <p>################################################################</p>
  `;
	}
  }
const cn_hostnames = [
'www.wto.org'
];